Independent Rear Suspension - Independents Day

It's hard to believe, but independent rear suspension has been with us for more than 45 years, as it was back in 1961 that Jaguar introduced the XKE, the first automobile to employ such a suspension design. Chevrolet introduced IRS on the 1963 Corvette and hot rodders have been installing them in earlier cars ever since. When this author was growing up in England in the '70s it seemed every hot rod and street machine was jacked up with a chromed Jag IRS under the rear, lit by a red light at night! And, of course, they were all from XKEs, never from the humble S-Type or XJ Series.

There's no denying that an independent rear is visually exciting, especially when chromed, with all the moving parts on display. This is probably what attracted so many early installers to the system rather than the smoother ride. The improved ride quality associated with the IRS design wouldn't be felt with, say, a Jag unit still equipped with four coilover shocks under a lightweight rod. Savvy builders would remove one set of coilovers, which, if the rear pair was removed, offered an even cleaner appearance. Back to aesthetics again! And it's aesthetics that still play a role in the IRS aftermarket. While there's no doubt that today's builders are more concerned with ride quality, there's a reason why most aftermarket IRS units can be had either fully polished or chromed.

But it's not all about appearance. An independent suspension allows each tire to stay firmly planted on the road irrespective of what the other wheels are doing, as they are not connected in the way they are on a live axle. If one wheel drops into a pothole, the opposite wheel stays vertical, as indeed the one in the hole will. This results in improved ride quality and superior handling and road-holding, though, to truly feel the benefits, independent suspensions should be fitted front and rear.

Another benefit of IRS is that it decreases the unsprung weight (the weight of the wheels and suspension) over a live axle setup, and the lower the unsprung weight, the more controllable a car becomes when cornering. It should be noted though, that while an independent suspension offers superior road-holding and cornering abilities, it's not ideal for straight-line performance, as the excessive camber changes incurred as the car squats and launches can lead to horrendous wheel hop resulting in a loss of traction. It is for this reason you don't see too many Corvettes drag racing while using their stock rearends. Plus, they're not legal for the quicker classes in drag racing, as there's no containment should the halfshafts or U-joints fail.

Let's take a look at where this all started, with Jag and Vette rearends, then check out some of the aftermarket options available.

Uncaged Jaguar
The Jag unit was the first IRS adopted by hot rodders and kit car owners, especially replica Cobra builders, as it came in varying widths and a wide range of gear ratios, and was relatively easy to mount in other cars, since it was virtually a self-contained unit. The stock IRS in the Jaguar was mounted in a steel cage, which was in turn rubber-mounted to the car, providing insulation against noise and vibration, though, of course, such a butt-ugly system was never going to appeal to hot rodders. The solution? Mount the top of the differential and the upper coilover mounts on a crossmember and replace the ugly pressed-steel radius arms with tubular versions.

Here's a few stats if you like the idea of a Jag rearend: The XKE IRS from '61-70 was 53 1/4 inches wide and came with either 3.54 or 3.31 ratios. The V-12 '70-74 models increased in track to 56 inches with a 3.31 gear. All XJ6 units were 61 3/4 inches wide with 3.54 gears in the Series I ('69-73), 3.31 in the Series II ('73-79), and a super cruiser 2.88 in the Series III ('79-88). The S-Type ('60-69) was 56 inches wide and equipped with anything from a 3.31 to a 4.54 ratio, while the XJ40 introduced in '88 had a completely different non-interchangeable IRS. All XJ-S units were 61 3/4 inches wide with the early versions having a 3.31 ratio and the latter cars a 2.88.

Jaguar fitted stamped I.D. tags on the lower bolts on the crown wheel cover stating the gear ratio, sometimes with the actual ratio and other times with the number of ring-and-pinion teeth. For instance, a 3.31 ratio will be stamped 43/13 (the ratio calculated by dividing the smaller number into the larger). One other point of interest with Jag rears is that up to 1995 they shared the common 5-on-4 3/4-inch bolt pattern with Chevy passenger cars, going metric after that year.

If you're contemplating using a Jag IRS in your project, a great place to start is Concours West, a company that has been installing and modifying these units for 15 years. They offer installation kits, parts, and advice.

Corvette
Of course, the Corvette IRS never had, and indeed still doesn't have, coilovers like the Jag, but used a transverse leaf spring. These were originally multileaf steel springs, but were switched in 1980 to a composite fiberglass one-piece leaf spring, which also acts as an antiroll bar on the C5-and-up Vettes, owing to its double spring mounts. The C2, C3, and C4 all had single spring mounting pads in the center, effectively isolating one side of the spring from the other and turning it into two quarter-elliptic springs. Most aftermarket IRS systems based on Corvette parts replace the leaf spring with a pair of coilovers, as the spring setup is perceived to be antiquated, costly, and, in the case of monoleaf springs, complex.

As mentioned above, the C2 was the first Corvette to use independent rear suspension, though most aftermarket companies that offer Vette-based kits employ C4 ('84-96) components. Why would you opt for a Corvette IRS over a Jag? Well, in most parts of the country, the GM unit is going to be more plentiful and they're almost half the weight of their Brit counterpart. Plus, parts such as bearings, seals, and gaskets are easier to source.

Want some stats? A C4 rearend is 62 1/2-inches wide with C5 versions measuring 63 1/4 inch, which will work fine in most fat-fendered or 1950s cars, but will be way too wide for early rods. The C3 is narrower, and is also the last Vette IRS that will accept 15-inch steel wheels, as the 12- and 13-inch discs used on C4s and up require 16s. However, the '84-87 IRS with the parking brake inside the rotor will accept 15-inch aluminum wheels. The C4 came with either a Dana 36 (with gear ratios from 2.79 to 3.43) from automatic cars or a Dana 44 (2.79 to 3.43) from stick-shift Vettes. We'd recommend opting for the Dana 44.

Heidt's
Heidt's is probably best known for its Mustang II-based independent front suspensions, but the company's Superide IRS means you can have Heidt's independent suspension at all four corners of your ride. This IRS was designed from the outset to be adaptable to a wide variety of chassis, yet work perfectly in each application. The use of coilovers means spring rate and shock valving can be adjusted to suit, while frame mount locations for the forward struts and pinion support arms can be determined by the installer to suit their chassis. The option of several stock track widths from 55 to 62 inches, as well as custom widths, means a larger wheel and tire choice is available.